This is a working overview of REV-ERB agonist, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2026-02-20. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Research-use-only status in many markets |
| WADA status | Prohibited in sport | Generally listed as a non-approved substance |
| Detection technique | LC-MS/MS | Common for urine and blood analysis |
| Common alias | Stenabolic | Informal market nickname, not a pharmacopoeial name |
| Purity check | HPLC or LC-UV | Independent certificate of analysis is typical |
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
Handling practices for SR9009 focus on minimizing degradation and contamination. The solid is generally stored desiccated at or below -20 °C, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol, then aliquoted to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Aqueous solubility is low, so formulations for animal studies may require cosolvents or suspending agents. Personnel should follow institutional chemical safety procedures, because toxicological data for humans are incomplete.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
== 1980 incident == On the evening of December 21, 1980, while celebrating Christmas with her family at their mansion, Clarendon Court, in Newport, Rhode Island, she again displayed confusion and lack of coordination. She was put to bed by her family, but in the morning she was discovered unconscious on the bathroom floor. She was taken to the hospital where it became clear that this time she had suffered severe enough brain injury to produce a persistent vegetative state. Although clinical features resembled a drug overdose, some of the laboratory evidence suggested hypoglycemia. The Court of Appeal ordered disclosure of the notes taken by the Auersperg children's attorney. These showed that Claus von Bülow did not want to terminate life support, as had been alleged. Because of the increased marital tensions between Claus and Sunny von Bülow in the fall of 1980, her children were suspicious that her brain injury was the result of foul play by him. Her two eldest children persuaded Richard H. Kuh, the former New York County District Attorney, to investigate the possibility Claus von Bülow had attempted the murder of their mother. After the gathering of evidence, Rhode Island prosecutors presented the case to a grand jury who returned an indictment, and in July 1981, he was charged with two counts of attempted murder.
=== Veterinary use === The use of progesterone tests in dog breeding to pinpoint ovulation is becoming more widely used. There are several tests available, the most reliable being a blood test with the blood sample drawn by a veterinarian and sent to a lab for processing. Results can usually be obtained within 24 to 72 hours. The rationale for using progesterone tests is that increased numbers begin close to the preovulatory surge in gonadotrophins and continue through ovulation and estrus. When progesterone levels reach certain levels they can signal the stage of estrus the female is. Prediction of birth date of the pending litter can be accurate if ovulation date is known. Puppies deliver within a day or two of nine weeks gestation in most cases. Determining pregnancy using progesterone tests once a breeding has taken place is not possible, however. This limitation is due to the fact that, in dogs, progesterone levels remain elevated throughout the estrus period.
=== Instability === Emulsion stability refers to the ability of an emulsion to resist change in its properties over time. There are four types of instability in emulsions: flocculation, coalescence, creaming/sedimentation, and Ostwald ripening. Flocculation occurs when there is an attractive force between the droplets, so they form flocs, like bunches of grapes. This process can be desired, if controlled in its extent, to tune physical properties of emulsions such as their flow behaviour. Coalescence occurs when droplets bump into each other and combine to form a larger droplet, so the average droplet size increases over time. Emulsions can also undergo creaming, where the droplets rise to the top of the emulsion under the influence of buoyancy, or under the influence of the centripetal force induced when a centrifuge is used. Creaming is a common phenomenon in dairy and non-dairy beverages (i.e. milk, coffee milk, almond milk, soy milk) and usually does not change the droplet size. Sedimentation is the opposite phenomenon of creaming and normally observed in water-in-oil emulsions. Sedimentation happens when the dispersed phase is denser than the continuous phase and the gravitational forces pull the denser globules towards the bottom of the emulsion. Similar to creaming, sedimentation follows Stokes' law. An appropriate surface active agent (or surfactant) can increase the kinetic stability of an emulsion so that the size of the droplets does not change significantly with time.
Anaerobic growth: Positive Voges Proskauer test: Positive Acid produced from D-glucose: Positive L-arabinose: Negative D-xylose: Negative D-mannitol: Negative Starch hydrolysis: Positive Nitrate reduction: Positive Degradation of tyrosine: Positive Growth at above 50 °C: Negative Use of citrate: Positive The Central Public Health Laboratory in the United Kingdom tests for motility, hemolysis, rhizoid growth, susceptibility to γ-phage, and fermentation of ammonium salt-based glucose but no mannitol, arabinose, or xylose.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
As of that date, all strategies had aimed to prepare a 10-deacetylbaccatin-type core containing the ABCD ring system, followed generally by last stage addition of the "tail" to the 13-hydroxyl group. While the "political climate surrounding [paclitaxel] and [the Pacific yew] in the early 1990s ... helped bolster [a] link between total synthesis and the [paclitaxel] supply problem," and though total synthesis activities were a requisite to explore the structure-activity relationships of paclitaxel via generation of analogs for testing, the total synthesis efforts were never seen "as a serious commercial route" to provide significant quantities of the natural product for medical testing or therapeutic use.
A British Chamber of Commerce survey found that 95% of SMEs using generic AI tools reported no impact on headcount over the previous 12 months. However, among the minority of firms adopting bespoke AI systems, 21% reported a decrease in headcount, suggesting that deeper AI integration leads to organisational restructuring.
=== Measurement domains === There exist hundreds of various assessment tools, although only a few have been shown to have both high validity (i.e., test actually measures what it claims to measure) and reliability (i.e., consistency). Many psychological assessment measures are restricted for use by those with advanced training in mental health. For instance, Pearson (one of the many companies with rights and protection of psychological assessment tools) separates who can administer, interpret, and report on certain tests. Anybody is able to access Qualification Level A tests. Those who intend to use assessment tools at Qualification Level B must hold a master's degree in psychology, education, speech language pathology, occupational therapy, social work, counseling, or in a field closely related to the intended use of the assessment, and formal training in the ethical administration, scoring, and interpretation of clinical assessments. Those with access to Qualification C (highest level) assessment measures must hold a doctorate degree in psychology, education, or a closely related field with formal training in the ethical administration, scoring, and interpretation of clinical assessments related to the intended use of the assessment. Psychological measures generally fall within one of several categories, including the following:
==== Denaturation due to air ==== Small, electronegative molecules such as nitrogen and oxygen, which are the primary gases in air, significantly impact the ability of surrounding molecules to participate in hydrogen bonding. These molecules compete with surrounding hydrogen bond acceptors for hydrogen bond donors, therefore acting as "hydrogen bond breakers" and weakening interactions between surrounding molecules in the environment. Antiparellel strands in DNA double helices are non-covalently bound by hydrogen bonding between base pairs; nitrogen and oxygen therefore maintain the potential to weaken the integrity of DNA when exposed to air. As a result, DNA strands exposed to air require less force to separate and exemplify lower melting temperatures.
==== Metabolism ==== Sertraline is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism, as indicated by a small study of radiolabeled sertraline in which less than 5% of plasma radioactivity was unchanged sertraline in two males. The principal metabolic pathway for sertraline is N-demethylation into desmethylsertraline (N-desmethylsertraline) mainly by CYP2B6. Reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronide conjugation of both sertraline and desmethylsertraline also occur. Desmethylsertraline, while pharmacologically active, is substantially (50-fold) weaker than sertraline as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and its influence on the clinical effects of sertraline is thought to be negligible. Based on in vitro studies, sertraline is metabolized by multiple cytochrome 450 isoforms; however, it appears that in the human body CYP2C19 plays the most important role, followed by CYP2B6. In addition to the cytochrome P450 system, sertraline can be oxidatively deaminated in vitro by monoamine oxidases; however, this metabolic pathway has never been studied in vivo.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Shingrix === Temporary side effects from the Shingrix shots are likely and can be severe enough in one out of six people to affect normal daily activities for up to three days. Mild to moderate pain at the injection site is common, and some may have redness or swelling. Side effects include fatigue, muscle pain, headache, shivering, fever, and nausea. Symptoms usually resolve in two to three days. Side effects with Shingrix are greater than those with Zostavax and occur more frequently in individuals aged 50 to 69 years compared with those 70 years and older.
===== United States ===== The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) collect data on antibiotic use in humans and in a more limited fashion in animals. About 80% of antibiotic use in the U.S. is for agriculture purposes, and about 70% of these are medically important. This gives reason for concern about the antibiotic resistance crisis in the U.S. and more reason to monitor it. The FDA first determined in 1977, that there is evidence of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in livestock. The long-established practice of permitting OTC sales of antibiotics (including penicillin and other drugs) to lay animal owners for administration to their own animals nonetheless continued in all states. In 2000, the FDA announced their intention to revoke approval of fluoroquinolone use in poultry production because of substantial evidence linking it to the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections in humans. Legal challenges from the food animal and pharmaceutical industries delayed the final decision to do so until 2006. Fluroquinolones have been banned from extra-label use in food animals in the USA since 2007. However, they are still used in treatment of companion and exotic animals.
=== Nonspecific zones === In these zones, the skin is similar to normal-haired skin and has the normal high density of nerves and hair follicles. These areas include the sides and back of the neck, the inner arms, the axillae (armpits) and sides of the thorax (chest).
=== Suspect identification === In the search for suspects, some police organizations have created websites featuring cold cases. For example, the Texas Rangers have established a website in the hopes that it shall elicit new information and investigative leads.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.
Anti-doping laboratories typically use LC-MS/MS to detect SR9009 or its metabolites in urine or blood. The exact assay depends on the laboratory and the testing program. Detection can be challenging because the compound may be rapidly metabolized and present at low levels.
Stenabolic is an informal nickname used in online fitness and research-chemical markets, not an official drug name. It likely references reported effects on endurance in rodent studies. The nickname does not imply approval or proven human benefit.
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.