REV-ERB raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2025-12-15 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small molecule | Studied as a REV-ERB agonist |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the neutral compound |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research-grade material |
| Solubility | Sparingly soluble in water | Soluble in solvents such as DMSO |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal alias |
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
The station's exterior had become somewhat grimy, and due to its vast scale, the station was expensive to maintain. A renovation covered some of the grand columns with plastic and blocked off the spacious central hallway with a new ticket office. The Pennsylvania Railroad optioned the air rights, which called for the demolition of the head house and train shed, to be replaced by an office complex and a new sports complex, while the tracks of the station would remain untouched. Plans for the new Penn Plaza and Madison Square Garden were announced in 1962. In exchange for the air rights to Penn Station, the PRR would receive a smaller underground station at no cost and a 25 percent stake in the new Madison Square Garden Complex. Modern architects rushed to save the ornate building, but to no avail; demolition of the above-ground head house began in October 1963. A giant steel deck was placed over the tracks and platforms to allow rail service to continue during construction. Photographs of the day showed passengers waiting for trains even as the head house was demolished around them. This was possible because most of the rail infrastructure (including the waiting room, concourses, and boarding platforms) was below street level. The demolition of the Penn Station head house caused outrage internationally. "One entered the city like a god. One scuttles in now like a rat," the architectural historian Vincent Scully wrote after the removal of the original station.
Li2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇌ 2 LiHCO3 The extraction of lithium carbonate at high pressures of CO2 and its precipitation upon depressurizing is the basis of the Quebec process. Lithium carbonate can also be purified by exploiting its diminished solubility in hot water. Thus, heating a saturated aqueous solution causes crystallization of Li2CO3. Lithium carbonate, and other carbonates of group 1, do not decarboxylate readily. Li2CO3 decomposes at temperatures around 1300 °C.
== History == HATU was first reported by Louis A. Carpino in 1993 as an efficient means of preparing active esters derived from 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt). HATU is commonly prepared from HOAt and TCFH under basic conditions and can exist as either the uronium salt (O-form) or the less reactive iminium salt (N-form). HATU was initially reported as the O-form using the original preparation reported by Carpino; however, X-ray crystallographic and NMR studies revealed the true structure of HATU to be the less reactive guanidinium isomer. It is, however, possible to obtain the uronium isomer by preparing HATU using KOAt in place of HOAt and working up the reaction mixture quickly to prevent isomerisation.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Career == As a high-school student, Wolpaw wrote two games for the Atari 8-bit computers published as type-in programs in Antic magazine in 1983 and 1984. From 1997 to 2002, Wolpaw and Chet Faliszek wrote the video game-oriented website Old Man Murray. The site was highly influential in video game writing and game journalism. He also wrote for GameSpot. He subsequently worked at Double Fine Productions as a writer for Psychonauts. In 2006, he won the Game Developers Choice Award for Best Writing for his story and dialogue contributions to Psychonauts. In 2004, Wolpaw joined Valve, where he and Faliszek wrote for games such as Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two, Team Fortress 2, Left 4 Dead, Portal and Portal 2. He left Valve in February 2017 to write for Psychonauts 2, though he ended up not working on it. In January 2019, he confirmed that he had returned to Valve as a part-time contractor on Artifact and Half-Life: Alyx.
1910: First identifiable use of the term synthetic biology in Stéphane Leduc's publication Théorie physico-chimique de la vie et générations spontanées. He also noted this term in another publication, La Biologie Synthétique in 1912. 1944: Canadian-American scientist Oswald Avery shows that DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made. This becomes the bedrock on which all subsequent genetic research is built. 1953: Francis Crick and James Watson publish the structure of the DNA in Nature. 1961: Jacob and Monod postulate cellular regulation by molecular networks from their study of the lac operon in E. coli and envisioned the ability to assemble new systems from molecular components. 1973: First molecular cloning and amplification of DNA in a plasmid is published in P.N.A.S. by Cohen, Boyer et al. constituting the dawn of synthetic biology. 1978: Arber, Nathans and Smith win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction enzymes, leading Szybalski to offer an editorial comment in the journal Gene:
FDA has for some foods and dietary supplements reviewed the science, concluded that there is significant scientific agreement, and published specifically worded allowed health claims. An initial ruling allowing a health claim for calcium dietary supplements and osteoporosis was later amended to include calcium supplements with or without vitamin D, effective January 1, 2010. Examples of allowed wording are shown below. To qualify for the calcium health claim, a dietary supplement must contain at least 20% of the Reference Dietary Intake, which for calcium means at least 260 mg/serving.
=== Depression === An enantiomer of ketamine – esketamine – was approved as an antidepressant by the European Medicines Agency in 2019. Esketamine was approved as a nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression in the United States and elsewhere in 2019. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) recommends esketamine as a third-line treatment for depression. Ketamine maintenance therapy appears effective and generally safe for treatment-resistant depression, with regular dosing, early intervention, and concurrent psychotherapy improving outcomes; standardized protocols and patient selection are crucial. The French drug regulatory agency’s 2026 approval of intravenous racemic ketamine for severe suicidal crisis marks the first official rapid-acting pharmacological option for imminent suicide risk. Most systematic reviews suggest that ketamine shows short-term efficacy in reducing suicidality with generally mild side effects, but the evidence is largely low quality and its long-term efficacy remains unclear. Existing evidence, though limited and low to very low certainty, suggests that a single intravenous dose of ketamine as an add-on to mood stabilizers may produce a rapid but transient antidepressant effect in bipolar depression. In February 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an alert to healthcare professionals concerning compounded nasal spray products containing ketamine intended to treat depression.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Management == Prediabetes is a curable disease state, and people can routinely return to normoglycemia (normal glucose metabolism) with interventions. Although some drugs can delay the onset of diabetes, lifestyle modifications play a greater role in the prevention of diabetes. Intensive weight loss and lifestyle intervention, if sustained, may improve glucose tolerance substantially and prevent progression from IGT to type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study found a 16% reduction in diabetes risk for every kilogram of weight loss. Reducing weight by 7% through a low-fat diet and performing 150 minutes of exercise a week is the goal. The ADA guidelines recommend modest weight loss (5–10% body weight), moderate-intensity exercise (30 minutes daily), and smoking cessation. There are many dietary approaches that can reduce the risk of progression to diabetes. Most involve the reduction of added sugars and fats but there remains a lack of conclusive evidence proving the best approach. For patients with severe risk factors, prescription medication may be appropriate. The American Diabetes Association recommends that prescription medications may be considered for those with prediabetes, including those in a specific subgroup who are more likely to have a greater benefit from medications and are at a higher risk of progressing to diabetes. This subgroup of people includes those with a BMI greater than 35, age less than 60, women with a history of gestational diabetes, a fasting plasma glucose greater than 110 or an A1c greater than 6%.
=== Phenol === Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, was one of the first chemicals was used as an antimicrobial agent. It has high antiseptic properties. It is bacteriostatic at concentrations of 0.1%–1% and is bactericidal and fungicidal at 1%–2%. A 5% solution kills anthrax spores in 48 hr. Phenols are most commonly used in oral mouth washes and household cleaning agents. They are active against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Phenol derivatives, such as thymol and cresol, are used because they are less toxic compared to phenol. These phenolic compounds have a benzene ring along with the –OH group incorporated into their structures. They have a higher antimicrobial activity. These compounds inhibit microbial growth by precipitating proteins which lead to their denaturation and by penetrating into the cell membrane of microorganisms and disrupting it. Hexachlorophene (bisphenol) is used as a surfactant. It is widely used in soaps, handwashes, and skin products because of its antiseptic properties. It is also used as a sterilizing agent. Cresol is an effective antimicrobial and is widely used in mouthwashes and cough drops.
The United States based its Cold War coalition primarily on the Baghdad Pact of 1955 which formed Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), that included Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Only 1–2% of Alzheimer's cases are inherited due to autosomal dominant mutations, as Alzheimer's disease is substantially polygenic. When autosomal dominant variants cause the disease, it is known as early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, which is rarer and tends to progress more rapidly. Less than 5% of sporadic Alzheimer's disease have an earlier onset, and early-onset Alzheimer's is about 90% heritable. Familial Alzheimer's disease usually implies two or more persons affected in one or more generations. Early onset familial Alzheimer's disease can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes: those encoding amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and presenilins PSEN1 and PSEN2. Most mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein called amyloid beta (Aβ)42, which is the main component of amyloid plaques. Some of the mutations merely alter the ratio between Aβ42 and the other major forms—particularly Aβ40—without increasing total Aβ levels in the brain. Two other genes associated with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease are ABCA7 and SORL1. Alleles in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a three to five times higher risk of developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease. A Japanese pedigree of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease was found to be associated with a deletion mutation of codon 693 of APP. This mutation and its association with Alzheimer's disease was first reported in 2008, and is known as the Osaka mutation. Only homozygotes with this mutation have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
He therefore suggests thinking of civilization as a "highly stable state of matter capable of acquiring, making abstract analysis of, and utilizing information to obtain qualitatively new information about its environment and about itself, to improve its capabilities of gathering new information for producing sustaining reactions." Civilization is therefore characterized by the quality of the information acquired by its operating program, and by the energy required to implement these functions. By "information about its environment and about itself", Kardashev specified that it is data about organic or inorganic nature, science, technology, economy, culture, arts, etc. From this definition, he proposed a diagram representing the interactions between a civilization and its environment, and enumerated a number of scientific problems arising from these interactions with the information available in the Universe. From this definition, Kardashev drew three conclusions. The first postulated that because of the vast and unlimited set of activities required by scientific problems, the period during which civilizations must transmit and communicate is necessarily long, even unlimited. On the other hand, since our present development covers only a negligible fraction of this communication phase, Kardashev hypothesized the high improbability that we will meet "brothers in intelligence" who are at the same stage of evolution as we are.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.
No. SR9009 is frequently mislabeled as a SARM in online discussions, but it does not target androgen receptors. Its known mechanism involves REV-ERB nuclear receptors and circadian-metabolic gene regulation.
Human clinical data are very limited. There is no approved human use, and safety and efficacy in people are not established. Most evidence comes from preclinical models, so effects observed in animals may not apply to humans.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.