Everything below concerns LC-MS/MS. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-07-31. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small-molecule ligand; not a hormone or peptide |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Unique chemical identifier |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; stenabolic | Stenabolic is informal and not an official name |
| Reported targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors linked to circadian and metabolic regulation |
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
L-DOPA to dopamine – a neurotransmitter L-Phenylalanine to phenethylamine – a trace amine which functions as a neuromodulator L-Tyrosine to tyramine – a trace amine neuromodulator L-Histidine to histamine – a neurotransmitter L-Tryptophan to tryptamine – a trace amine neuromodulator 5-HTP to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) – a neurotransmitter However, some of these reactions do not seem to bear much or any biological significance. For example, histamine is biosynthesised strictly via the enzyme histidine decarboxylase in humans and other organisms.
==== Justification for intervention ==== The US and UN gave public justifications for involvement in the conflict, the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity. In addition, the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia, whose importance in the region, and as a key supplier of oil, made it of considerable geopolitical importance. Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, US defense secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance. During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990, Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks: "Within three days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression." The Pentagon stated that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were the source of this information, but this was later alleged to be false. A reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired commercial Soviet satellite images which showed nothing but empty desert. Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq's history of human rights abuses under Saddam. Iraq was known to possess biological weapons and chemical weapons, which Saddam had used against Iranian troops during the Iran–Iraq War and his own country's Kurdish population in the Al-Anfal campaign. Iraq was known to have a nuclear weapons program; the report about it from January 1991 was partially declassified by the CIA in May 2001.
=== Blood parameters === During acute inflammatory periods, people with AS may show an increase in the blood concentration of CRP and an increase in the ESR, but there are many with AS whose CRP and ESR rates do not increase, so normal CRP and ESR results do not always correspond with the amount of inflammation that is actually present. In other words, some people with AS have normal levels of CRP and ESR, despite experiencing a significant amount of inflammation in their bodies.
Many mothers have to return to work a short time after their babies have been born. In the U.S., about 70% of mothers with children younger than three years old work full-time, with 1/3 of the mothers returning to work within 3 months and 2/3 returning within 6 months. Working outside of the home and full-time work are significantly associated with lower rates of breastfeeding and breastfeeding for a shorter duration of time. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, support for breastfeeding in the workplace includes several types of employee benefits and services, including writing corporate policies to support breastfeeding women; teaching employees about breastfeeding; providing designated private space for breastfeeding or expressing milk; allowing flextime to support milk expression during work; giving mothers options for returning to work, such as remote work, part-time jobs, and extended maternity leave; providing on-site or near-site child care; providing high-quality breast pumps; and offering professional lactation consultants. Programs to promote and assist nursing mothers have been found to help maintain breastfeeding. In the United States the CDC reports on a study that "examined the effect of corporate lactation programs on breastfeeding behavior among employed women in California [which] included prenatal classes, perinatal counseling, and lactation management after the return to work".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== Eliminated in primary ==== Jay Fondren, nonprofit official Stephen Long Nick Tran, businessman (previously ran in the 2nd district) Deddrick Wilmer, mortage broker (previously ran in the 9th district)
=== Judaism === In Judaism, animal blood may not be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Blood is purged from meat by rinsing and soaking in water (to loosen clots), salting and then rinsing with water again several times. Eggs must also be checked and any blood spots removed before consumption. Although blood from fish is biblically kosher, it is rabbinically forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the Biblical prohibition. Another ritual involving blood involves the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the life of the animal is [in] its blood" (ibid 17:14). In relation to human beings, Kabbalah expounds on this verse that the animal soul of a person is in the blood, and that physical desires stem from it. Likewise, the mystical reason for salting temple sacrifices and slaughtered meat is to remove the blood of animal-like passions from the person. By removing the animal's blood, the animal energies and life-force contained in the blood are removed, making the meat fit for human consumption.
A sarcomere is defined as the segment between two neighbouring Z-lines (or Z-discs). In electron micrographs of cross-striated muscle, the Z-line (from the German "zwischen" meaning between) appears in between the I-bands as a dark line that anchors the actin myofilaments. Surrounding the Z-line is the region of the I-band (for isotropic). I-band is the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments (myosin). Following the I-band is the A-band (for anisotropic). Named for their properties under a polarized light microscope. An A-band contains the entire length of a single thick filament. The anisotropic band contains both thick and thin filaments. Within the A-band is a paler region called the H-zone (from the German "heller", brighter). Named for their lighter appearance under a polarization microscope. H-band is the zone of the thick filaments that has no actin. Within the H-zone is a thin M-line (from the German "mittel" meaning middle), appears in the middle of the sarcomere formed of cross-connecting elements of the cytoskeleton.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Diplomatic relations === After the UDI, Rhodesia maintained several overseas missions, including Pretoria, and until 1975, Lisbon in Portugal and Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique. Since 1961, Rhodesia had an "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" with South Africa, heading a "Rhodesian Diplomatic Mission" or de facto embassy. Before South Africa left the Commonwealth that year, the then Southern Rhodesia had exchanged High Commissioners with the then Union of South Africa, but following the change in status, the Republic now had a "South African Diplomatic Mission" in Salisbury. During 1965, the government of Rhodesia made moves to establish a mission in Lisbon separate from the British Embassy, with its own accredited representative, having previously been able to establish its own consulate in Lourenço Marques, capital of Portuguese Mozambique. This prompted protests from the British government, which was determined that the representative, Harry Reedman, should be a nominal member of the British Ambassador's staff. For their part, the Portuguese authorities sought a compromise whereby they would accept Reedman as an independent representative but deny him diplomatic status. The Rhodesian Information Office in Washington remained open following UDI, but its director, Ken Towsey, and his staff were deprived of their diplomatic status. Previously, there had been a "Minister for Rhodesian Affairs" operating under the aegis of the British Embassy in Washington, as well representatives in Tokyo and Bonn.
The industrial production of iron or steel consists of two main stages. In the first stage, iron ore is reduced with coke in a blast furnace, and the molten metal is separated from gross impurities such as silicate minerals. This stage yields an alloy – pig iron – that contains relatively large amounts of carbon. In the second stage, the amount of carbon in the pig iron is lowered by oxidation to yield wrought iron, steel, or cast iron. Other metals can be added at this stage to form alloy steels.
== Research == Wu's research has focused on cardiac biomarkers, clinical toxicology, point-of-care diagnostics, and pharmacogenomics. He has published over 550 peer-reviewed papers and co-authored multiple book chapters and clinical textbooks. In the area of cardiac markers, he and his research group were among the first to evaluate the clinical value of cardiac troponin and the natriuretic peptides that are in widespread clinical use today. He has been active on committees to standardize testing and has participated in the creation and authorship of clinical practice guidelines for cardiac markers. More recently, he has conducted research on biomarkers for traumatic brain injury and contributed a textbook on this topic. His group was among the first clinical labs to initiate untargeted identifications using exact molecular formula. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Wu suspended his normal research work to conduct laboratory-based studies on SARS-CoV-2 molecular, antigen and antibody testing. In addition to his scientific publications, Wu is the author of eight books of short stories designed to raise public awareness of laboratory medicine. His stories are based on real cases, where the and aim to depict the behind-the-scenes role of lab professionals in patient care. He has also launched a social media campaign to educate the general public as to the value of the clinical laboratory. His advocacy stresses that clinical labs are essential in both diagnosis and long-term health management, especially in emergency settings and public health crises.
== Life == Kleinman received a B.S. in chemistry from Simmons College in 1969 and a M.S. and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1973. She did postdoctoral training at Tufts University. Kleinman worked at National Institutes of Health (NIH) from 1975 to 2006 in the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) and served as Chief of the Cell Biology Section in NIDCR's Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology (1985–2006). Her laboratory was the first to report the wound-healing effects of thymosin beta 4 (TB4), a synthetic version of a naturally occurring molecule. Her research accomplishments also include defining various angiogenic and antiangiogenic molecules and identifying sites on laminin for adhesion, migration, neurite outgrowth, angiogenesis, metastases and inhibition of metastases, and the respective receptors. Kleinman is a co-inventor of Matrigel. In 1992, during his first week as deputy director for intramural research, Lance Liotta appointed Kleinman to chair the new intramural women scientists' task force to investigate impediments to the advancement of women at NIH. She has received numerous awards for her research and for her efforts on behalf of women scientists. She has obtained multiple patents, many of which have been commercialized and one of which is in pivotal clinical trials. In 2006, she left the NIH to join the George Washington University as an adjunct professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology. She has subsequently consulted for various pharmaceutical companies Kleinman is Jewish.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.
No. It has no approved medical indication, and human safety and efficacy data are limited. It appears in research chemical markets and is banned by some sports authorities.
Natural ligands include heme and certain metabolites; SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule with higher potency and selectivity in some assays. Its effects depend on cell type and timing. It is not a naturally occurring compound.
It is a synthetic compound studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine and has mainly been examined in laboratory and animal research.